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Discourse on Colonialism
''Discours sur le colonialisme'' (French; ''Discourse on Colonialism'') is an essay by Aimé Césaire, a poet and politician from Martinique who helped found the ''négritude'' movement in the Francophone literature. Césaire first published the essay in 1950 in Paris with Editions Réclame, a small publisher associated with the French Communist Party (PCF). Five years later, he then edited and republished it with the anticolonial publisher ''Présence Africaine'' (Paris and Dakar). The 1955 edition is the one with the widest circulation today, and it serves as a foundational text of postcolonial literature that discusses what Césaire described as the appalling affair of the European Civilizing mission. Rather than elevating the non-Western world, the colonizers de-civilize the colonized.〔
== Argument ==
Césaire’s ''Discourse on Colonialism'' argues that colonialism was not—and had never been—a benevolent movement whose goal was to improve the lives of the colonized; instead, colonists' motives were entirely self-centered—i.e., economic exploitation. According to Césaire, by establishing these colonies and then exploiting them, the European colonial powers have created two main problems: the problem of the proletariat and the colonial problem.〔Frutkin, Susan. ''Black Between Worlds''. Miami: University of Miami, 1973. p. 29.〕 In describing the colonial problem that European civilization has created, he calls Europe "indefensible”, whose colonizers cannot be misconstrued as positive.
He bases his argument on the claim that, “no one colonizes innocently, that no one colonizes with impunity either; that a nation which colonizes, that a civilization which justifies colonization—and therefore force—is already a sick civilization, a civilization which is morally diseased, which irresistibly, progressing from one consequence to another, one denial to another, calls for its Hitler, I mean its punishment”.〔Césaire, Aimé. ''Discourse on Colonialism''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. p. 39.〕 He labels the colonizers as barbaric for their treatment of those in the colonies. He defines the relationship as one limited to “forced labor, intimidation, pressure, the police, taxation, theft, rape, compulsory crops, contempt, mistrust, arrogance, self-complacency, swinishness, brainless elites, degraded masses”.〔Césaire, Aimé. ''Discourse on Colonialism''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. p. 42.〕
In addition, Césaire also acknowledges the racial construction of the relationship. By identifying the colonial relationship as one based on race, he draws comparisons between his home of Martinique with the colonies in Africa. By equating racism, barbarism and colonialism, he claims colonization to be a form of dehumanization that results from Europe’s racism against black populations in Africa and the Caribbean. He writes that Hitler differed in the eyes of the Europeans because he "applied to Europe colonialist procedures which until then had been reserved exclusively for the Arabs of Algeria, the 'coolies' of India and the 'niggers' of Africa", meaning that, by persecuting white Europeans, Hitler produced violence most commonly reserved for non-white populations.〔Césaire, Aimé. ''Discourse on Colonialism''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. p. 36.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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